Friday

Rapid Color Changing Chemistry!

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Rapid Color Changing Chemistry! 


SCIENCE EXPERIMENT I

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(The Elephant's Toothpaste Experiment)
  • A clean 16 ounce plastic soda bottle
  • 1/2 cup 20-volume hydrogen peroxide liquid (20-volume is a 6% solution, ask an adult to get this from a beauty supply store or hair salon)
  • 1 Tablespoon (one packet) of dry yeast
  • 3 Tablespoons of warm water
  • Liquid dish washing soap
  • Food coloring
  • Small cup
  • Safety goggles

NOTE: As you can see from the picture, foam will overflow from the bottle, so be sure to do this experiment on a washable surface, or place the bottle on a tray.
1. Hydrogen peroxide can irritate skin and eyes, so put on those safety goggles and ask an adult to carefully pour the hydrogen peroxide into the bottle.

2. Add 8 drops of your favorite food coloring into the bottle.

3. Add about 1 tablespoon of liquid dish soap into the bottle and swish the bottle around a bit to mix it.

4. In a separate small cup, combine the warm water and the yeast together and mix for about 30 seconds.
5. Now the adventure starts! Pour the yeast water mixture into the bottle (a funnel helps here) and watch the foaminess begin!

Foam is awesome! The foam you made is special because each tiny foam bubble is filled with oxygen. The yeast acted as a catalyst (a helper) to remove the oxygen from the hydrogen peroxide. Since it did this very fast, it created lots and lots of bubbles. Did you notice the bottle got warm. Your experiment created a reaction called an Exothermic Reaction - that means it not only created foam, it created heat! The foam produced is just water, soap, and oxygen so you can clean it up with a sponge and pour any extra liquid left in the bottle down the drain.
This experiment is sometimes called "Elephant's Toothpaste" because it looks like toothpaste coming out of a tube, but don't get the foam in your mouth!

The project above is a DEMONSTRATION. To make it a true experiment, you can try to answer these questions:
1. Does the amount of yeast change the amount of foam produced?
2. Does the experiment work as well if you add the dry yeast without mixing it with water?
3. Does the size of the bottle affect the amount of foam produced?










Hyd

Chemistry Project - Red Cabbage pH Indicator

How to Make Red Cabbage pH Indicator  



Red cabbage contains a pigment molecule called flavin (an anthocyanin). This water-soluble pigment is also found in apple skin, plums, poppies, cornflowers, and grapes. Very acidic solutions will turn anthocyanin a red color. Neutral solutions result in a purplish color. Basic solutions appear in greenish-yellow. Therefore, it is possible to determine the pH of a solution based on the color it turns the anthocyanin pigments in red cabbage juice.
The color of the juice changes in response to changes in its hydrogen ion concentration. pH is the -log[H+]. Acids will donate hydrogen ions in an aqueous solution and have a low pH (pH < 7). Bases accept hydrogen ions and have a high pH (pH > 7).

Thursday

Project - III

Soil Permeability's Impact
On The
Movement Of Pollution To Ground Water
Thanks to : Brady L.
 
 


ABSTRACT

The purpose of this experiment is to see how different soil permeability’s prevent the   movement of pollutants through them.  My hypothesis is that the outcome of my experiment will show that soils with greater pore space will let more water pass through them.

Monday

Science Project - II

Soil contamination by hydrocarbons

Hypothesis
Oil absorbing polymers can effectively rehabilitate soil contaminated with motor oil and render the soil suitable for growth. Seeds will geminate in the rehabilitated soil that has been treated with oil absorbing polymers.

Science Project - I

Absorption of Pollutants in Different Soil Types

PURPOSE
The purpose of this experiment was to determine which polypedon  (type of soil) was most absorbent of liquid pollutants.
The information gained from this experiment will benefit farmers, gardeners and botanists who have soil pollution problems to better understand absorbency in different types of soil

Friday

LIQUFACTION OF CARBON-DI-OXIDE


I.               Dry ice is placed into an acrylic plastic cylinder. A valve is closed and pressure in the cylinder increases. When the pressure reaches 350 kPa (50 psi) it stops increasing and liquid CO2 appears. The liquid begins to boil and when all solid CO2 is gone, the pressure increases further. The valve is opened and the pressure drops again, holding constant for a while at 350 kPa. Eventually solid CO2 reforms, the liquid disappears, and the pressure drops completely.

II.          The critical temperature for carbon dioxide is 304K (87.8°F [31°C]). That means that no amount of pressure applied to a sample of carbon dioxide gas at or above 304K (87.8°F [31°C]) will cause the gas to liquefy. At or below that temperature, however, the gas can be liquefied provided sufficient pressure is applied. The corresponding critical pressure for carbon dioxide at 304K (87.8°F [31°C]) is 72.9 atmospheres (~73000 kPa). In other words, the application of a pressure of 72.9 atmospheres of pressure on a sample of carbon dioxide gas at 304K (87.8°F [31°C]) will cause the gas to liquefy. 

III.          Two important properties of gases are important in developing methods for their liquefaction: critical temperature and critical pressure. The critical temperature of a gas is the temperature at or above which no amount of pressure, however great, will cause the gas to liquefy. The minimum pressure required to liquefy the gas at the critical temperature is called the critical pressure.
                         For example, the critical temperature for carbon dioxide is 304K (87.8°F [31°C]). That means that no amount of pressure applied to a sample of carbon dioxide gas at or above 304K (87.8°F [31°C]) will cause the gas to liquefy. At or below that temperature, however, the gas can be liquefied provided sufficient pressure is applied. The corresponding critical pressure for carbon dioxide at 304K (87.8°F [31°C]) is 72.9 atmospheres. In other words, the application of a pressure of 72.9 atmospheres of pressure on a sample of carbon dioxide gas at 304K (87.8°F [31°C]) will cause the gas to liquefy.
Differences in critical temperatures among gases means that some gases are easier to liquify than are others. The critical temperature of carbon dioxide is high enough so that it can be liquified relatively easily at or near room temperature. By comparison, the critical temperature ofnitrogen gas is 126K (-232.6°F [-147°C]) and that of helium is 5.3K (-449.9°F [-267.7°C]). Liquefying gases such as nitrogen and helium obviously present much greater difficulties than does the liquefaction of carbon dioxide.



Saturday

SAVE EARTH


Automobiles like these are around the world everyday, and their exhaust destroys our air everyday. Our environment is a major aspect of our life today. Many of us don't take our Earth seriously and think that as long as pollution doesn't hurt them they can go ahead and throw garbage on the ground or spill oil down the drain. Well to many people have that theory and they are killing off our Earth and also physically harming themselves from the air they breath and the water they swim in. Our Earth is fragile like a human and people don't know. There are many different types of environmental pollution (e.g. Water, air, atmospheric.) 
Scientists believe that all cities with populations exceeding 50,000 have some degree of air pollution. Burning garbage in open dumps causes air pollution, and also it smells pretty bad. Air pollution comes from many different sources. One of the major sources is carbon monoxide (CO) which manly comes from automobiles, but also burning of fossil fuels, CFCs etc. Air pollution does not leave the Earth it all gets trapped up in the atmosphere. This doesn't bother most people, and they think that it will not harm them. People burn down forests and people burn fossil fuels, and CFCs from aerosols. Every bit of this harms our atmosphere. Factories and transportation depend on huge amounts of fuel billions of tons of coal and oil are consumed around the world every year. When these fuels burn they introduce smoke and other, less visible, by-products into the atmosphere. Although wind and rain occasionally wash away the smoke given off by power plants and automobiles, the cumulative effect of air pollution poses a grave threat to humans and the environment. A big example of smog is LA you can see the smog just hovering above the city. I don't think any human alive should be subject to that kind of environment. Scientists believe that all cities with populations exceeding 50,000 have some degree of air pollution. Burning garbage in open dumps causes air pollution Scientist have discovered that over the South Pole the ozone has a high level of ozone depletion. A computer-enhanced map, taken from satellite observations of ozone levels in the atmosphere over the South Pole, shows the region of ozone depletion that has begun to appear each spring over Antarctica.

If this depletion opens up dangerous and deadly UV Rays from the sun will come into Earth.
Air pollution causes global warming which scientist believe is making the Earth warmer and melting ice up in the South and North Pole. The country Holland has had water from the ocean got too high for them and flooded into towns. Holland spent millions of dollars to put up "dikes" which are big barriers in the water to prevent their town to be completely submerged. With the ocean getting deeper coastal cites all around the world could flood, billions of dollars would be spent to try to prevent it, but in a while it could not be stopped. Instead of waiting and having to spend all this money why don't we put it together today and try different ways of preventing air pollution, it would be much easier than all the trouble of stopping flooding.

Water pollution is another major aspect of environmental pollution. Water pollution is scary because over 75% of our Earth is covered by the ocean. Water pollution comes from many different sources around the world. One major pollutant that destroys the ocean is oil spills. The oil from an oil spill kills hundreds of sea animals from fish, to whales, to birds. Below is a small list of just some of the major oil spills. Notice how many tons were spilled into our ocean.

Over a million tons of oil has been spilled into the ocean, and we are not able to clean all the oil out. Most of the oil stays on the surface so when fish come up to the surface they get the oil on their body, and it gets into their body and gills. Birds land on the water to catch fish or take a break when the oil gets on their feathers and they are to weighted down to fly off, they later get to tired and just die from either poisoning from the oil or their body just not being able to take it. 

Another way our ocean is polluted is also from humans. We litter the ocean with garbage from boats and we pour oil down the storm drains. All the garbage is spread throughout the ocean and it poisons animals or fish, and birds get caught up in it. When those little plastic rings that hold soda cans together get into the water birds get them caught in their throats, fish get caught in them. There are many different things that can hurt the sea life. Pollution in the sea also affects the food chain, fish, and organisms can die of then other fish can't feed off the extinct fish, and so on. Preventing water pollution is such an easy task, not very hard, people just have to be aware of what they throw away our into the water, they can find a garbage can. 

I think that all kinds of environmental pollution can be stopped if we all use our heads and just think before we throw a piece of trash on the ground, throw it into a nearby garbage can. We should look at our Earth as a precious human being and treat it like it were a child of our own. We should not trash it and take advantage of it. If we abuse our Earth now who knows how it will get back at us in the future. Saving the Earth is such a simple task, and I think everyone should be involved in it rich or poor. If we don't save our Earth now someday it will be to late. There are programs out there that try to save the Earth, but not enough people corporate in these programs. If more people supported and joined into these programs maybe our world wouldn't be in such danger of dying. If our Earth dies it will surely take us all with it!!
SOLUTION
It is very common sight that people dispose their waste into any kind of waste bin without any hesitation.  Whether it is food waste, paper material, scrap metal or a plastic bottle, they choose a closest bin to dispose their waste. This happens despite the presence of specific bins with bold letters that are purposely placed adjacent to each other for specific wastes. How often many of us see this kind of behavior all most everywhere, especially in public places? Why anyone indeed need to worry too much about this? Obviously there are no regulations or serious consequences barring anyone from doing so! But the fact forgotten is that tons of reusable solid waste as often thrown as mixed garbage, which could end up creating more and more landfills in our country.
Therefore Recycling should be made mandatory in Canada to benefit our economy in many important ways such as to reduce pollution, to conserve natural resources and improve economic development.
            Recycling is the process of taking some of our garbage and re-use it repeatedly, that would otherwise pollute our eco-system. In the absence of mandatory recycling people have “nice to do” option which require more and more landfills to be opened in order to handle the recyclable garbage. This will in turn increases the greenhouse gases and pollute our environment Moreover, when products are made using recovered rather than virgin materials, less energy is used during manufacturing and consequently fewer pollutants are emitted. For example, land filling one ton of aluminum means that one ton will be produced from virgin material. This process consumes more energy than one ton of aluminum produced from recycled material.(“Waste Management”). This theory can be applied to glass, plastic, newspaper, tires etc. Landfills are also a source of continuous contamination of underground water and soil, because their hazardous materials eventually pass through. Further, recycling in public (parks, playgrounds, sidewalks) and private (industrial, commercial, condominiums) places have been less enforced. The municipal authorities should weigh the cost against the consequences of pollution and implement a must do policy. “Waste creation will continue in the same trend as the economic and population growth unless recycling is made as a national priority.”(Natural Resources). Therefore to overcome this poor trend of recycling, it is paramount that provincial and local governments should make recycling mandatory to make people more serious about this issue and help create pollution free environment.
Secondly, mandatory recycling will further help to conserve natural resources and maintain natural balance of the planet. It is widely known that recovered materials such as scrap metal, paper materials, electronics, minerals and timber plays a vital role in today’s manufacturing process. Some of them are derived from scarce resources such as forestry and minerals. The more we recycle these wastes, the lesser that we need to use newer raw materials and hence preserve limited resources.  For example, high energy savings from recycling steel, aluminum and paper are 74, 95, and 100 percent respectively.  (“Recycling”). Therefore, today more than half of the total global metal feedstock is recycled material. To implement recycling very effectively, everyone must do this hundred percent in our daily routine. This means we must reuse materials and packaging, wherever possible. However, many of us fail to pay attention to this concept without realizing the long term consequences. Therefore, mandatory recycling will greatly benefit our economy and the future generation to conserve natural resources.
Finally, effective recycling can pave the way to improve economic development as it represents a significant portion of Canada’s GDP and labour market. According to Canadian Association of Recycling industries data, in the year 2007, scrap metal exports contributed approximately three billion dollars and employed over 120000 people. Additionally, varieties of recycle materials have enormous potential to generate income at various stages. (Recycling).  So, it is important that the more we encourage the recycling efforts, the better that we can improve these figures. However, in the absence of any regulations people can only be encouraged but not required to recycle. For example, only after the government introduced laws to prohibit smoking in public places and banning using mobile devices while driving, many of us started to pay serious attention towards the consequences, knowing very well the dangers that these can pose to the society. Further, mandatory recycling can reduce a huge amount of money, which the local municipalities spend on landfills and disposals (“where Greater”) and this savings can be diverted to improve transportation, community activities and parks as such things can collectively boost economic development.
            Even though critics may argue that it would cost more to setup an effective recycling network structure than send the waste to landfills. However, if the authorities can overcome this initial setup cost then the advantages outweigh far more than the disadvantages. Mandatory recycling does not require people to adopt or change anything drastically except that it will force them to change their trash habits. Therefore, from the above stated reasons, we may safely conclude that although the existing recycling initiatives had been producing very effective results for decades, it is time to move on to the next phase of this very important issue and intensify this process in order to further reduce pollution, conserve natural resources and improve economic development in the country.

BAMINI AND VIJAYANAGAR KINGDOM - TAMIL